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A torque converter is actually a fluid coupling that is utilized so as to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, which is an electric motor or an internal combustion engine, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is similar to a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanical clutch. This enables the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter can provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque whenever there is a considerable difference between input and output rotational speed.
The most common type of torque converter used in car transmissions is the fluid coupling unit. In the 1920s there was also the Constantinesco or also known as pendulum-based torque converter. There are other mechanical designs utilized for constantly variable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. Like for instance, the Variomatic is a version which has a belt drive and expanding pulleys.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive which is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an additional part that is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics during occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
There are a minimum of three rotating elements within a torque converter: the turbine, that drives the load, the impeller, that is mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator, which is between the impeller and the turbine so that it could alter oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Normally, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be prevented from rotating under whatever condition and this is where the word stator starts from. Actually, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still enabling forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been changes which have been integrated sometimes. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is considered necessary, changes to the modifications have proven to be worthy. Usually, these adjustments have taken the form of several stators and turbines. Every set has been meant to generate differing amounts of torque multiplication. Several instances comprise the Dynaflow that makes use of a five element converter to be able to generate the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Although it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, various automotive converters consist of a lock-up clutch to lessen heat and in order to enhance cruising power transmission efficiency. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.
